Are viruses alive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Are viruses alive - Essay Example Viruses are microscopic agents that survive only in the nucleus of cells of other living organisms. This implies that viruses live in any living thing both plants and animals. They replicate inside the cells and, in some advanced cases, they feed on the nucleus of the cells thus resulting in the death of the cells. Viruses have unspecified structure of deoxyribonucleic acid commonly referred to as the DNA (Dilcher, 2000). The DNA defines the structure of cells, the fact that viruses have indefinite DNAs makes them capable of changing their structure from time to time thus making it difficult for the body cells to identify and remove them from the cell structures. Among the most notorious virus is the Human Immunodeficiency virus that causes the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, AIDS (Nelson, 2010). This research article therefore employs an effective analysis of this single virus to describe the features of other viruses by extension. The structure of a virus A virus is an organis m with a simple structure, this is arguably the smallest organism on earth and due to its small size, the organism cannot survive on its own, it thus requires the cell of a host organism to thrive. Viruses have the simplest structures composed of only three components. These are the nucleic acid, the protein coat and the lipid membrane. The nucleic acid is the most essential part of the virus; it contains the deoxyribonucleic and the ribonucleic acids. The two acids define the virus; they contain all the necessary information for the virus to define its unique indefinite structure and to make it multiply (Theodora, Guoying & Dimitris, 2002). The nucleic acid is lightly dispensed in surrounding plasma all of which are enclosed in a protein coat. This is a light layer of pure protein elements that protects the components of the virus. The protein layer defines the virus. However, being purely protein, the coat lacks definite shape to constitute the definite structure of a virus. The s oft coat is highly permeable allowing free movement of molecules in and out of the virus. The structure of the protein further changes according to the protein composition of the host cell, this enables the virus to vary its acidity and alkalinity levels to suit that of the host cell thus permit its survival. Besides the two components of a virus is the lipid membrane. This is a layer found after the protein membrane. However most viruses lack this layer and survive only with the protein layer as the most outside coat. Viruses that lack this final outer coat are generally referred to as naked cells. The lipid membrane performs the edge formation function thus defining the virus. It also lacks such strong elements as keratin and lipid and therefore aids in the indefinite structures of viruses. Virus infection process Unlike other living organisms, a virus cannot survive on its own; viruses have no chemical composition to exist without the assistance of a host cell. Host cells on whic h a virus mounts itself is referred to as a receptor (Agalioti & Prekh, 2001). Viruses choose their receptor carefully taking into consideration the information in the viruse’s deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acid this implies that every virus has its specific receptor. Once a virus gains entry into the body of a living organism, they attach themselves to their respective receptor cells from where they thrive through the rigorous replication process (Dilcher, 2000). The flu causing virus shows preference for the mucus coating cells found in the lungs and other airwaves in the body. The HI Virus on the other hand shows indiscriminate preference to white blood cells in the body of a living organism. Since viruses cannot survive alone, they do not therefore freely exist in the environment but are carried in the body cells of other previously infected organisms. They thus transfer from these organisms to the other through contact of the bodies that possibly results in the exposu re of the body cells of the second victim.

Politics in Australian Media

Politics in Australian Media Essay Prompt: Politics is badly reported to the public because the Australian print media is highly concentrated and lacks adequate accountability. Critically assess this statement with examples to support your argument. In the Australian print media, a significant issue is continuing to hold a common place in relevant debate. This is in regards to company ownership becoming excessively concentrated with minimal accountability; that is, colossal media corporations such as Fairfax Media are continuing to grow and take over the smaller companies within the industry. Consequences of this (amongst other things) will be discussed in this essay biased political information with minimal diversity being provided to the public, and damage to the Australian democracy due to the deteriorating ‘watchdog’ function of the media. Additionally, the poor accountability of the Australian print media will be explored including its ramifications and possible solution. In this essay these key areas will be discussed through referencing relevant theories and examples. The current state of the Australian print media being extremely concentrated is leading to published political information being full of biases. This can be depicted through examining the Chomsky and Herman propaganda model (Chomsky Herman 2002). One of this theory’s primary focuses is on the size, ownership, and profit orientation of large media corporations and the role they play in manipulating information portrayed to the public. Such corporations in Australia (e.g. News Corporation) have grown over time to such sizes that they have taken over most smaller companies. With such domination, it is only expected that information presented by these giants will be fundamentally biased (e.g. certain information that may damage the company’s financial interests would be likely to receive high censorship) (Tiffen 2006). For instance, during the 2013 Australian election, a significant majority of Australia’s newspapers supported the liberal party. As would be expected , their publications were heavily biased and were likely to have had a significant impact upon the election results. The Chomsky and Herman model has received a large amount of criticism; Eli Lehrer (2004 p. 67-87) argued against the supposed corporate bias of the media, asserting that media organisations report on corporate and political corruption all the time. However, Lehrer overlooked Chomsky and Herman’s (2002 p. lx) point which stated that the media in fact represents corporate and political deliberations, however it is the views that challenge the ‘fundamental premises’ of these deliberations that are intentionally ignored (Chomsky Herman 2002). The role of the media in keeping the government in check by not only informing but also involving the public in the Australian political sphere is also being compromised. Democratic societies (like that which exists in Australia) depend upon the public being reasonably informed about the current political sphere. As the concentration of media ownership in Australia continues to become more intense, this role of the media is fading and the threads of our democracy are tearing. It is important to understand that politics cannot exist without the media in the modern era; it creates a reality for us in which we are told what to think. This can be best explored through the liberal idea known as the ‘Fourth Estate’ (Schultz 1998). This traditional role of the media as the ‘Fourth Estate’ was to provide society with a diverse and un-biased array of information on the current political sphere. Worryingly, Habermas found in his studies that by the 20th century newspapers had become so controlled by commercial interest that they no longer served the public sphere (Habermas 1989). For example, the media will often inform us with popular news (e.g. celebrity-related) that will attract more views, however this information is likely to not be in the public interest (Tiffen 2006). Democracy depends upon the State accepting criticism of its power; if the public are not provided with information regarding current political issues, political participation will be limited (or tainted) and thus the whole notion of a democratic society becomes almost redundant (Schultz 1998). The ‘power, commercial ambitions and ethical weakness’ (Schultz 1998 p. 1) of these large media corporations gives an accurate depiction of the media’s failure in the modern age to perform its role as the Fourth Estate. As a result, the negative effects of the highly concentrated Australian print media are evident. In addition, the corporate giants that dominate the media industry lack adequate accountability. Media giants such as Fairfax Media and News Corporation are not being held liable for many of their actions that would have (in the past) attracted prosecution. As their size has grown, so has their influence and power to avoid such accountability. Journalists wield the power to portray people/ideas/events etc; the way these are portrayed creates the reality within which we all live (Schultz 1998). In other words, we rely primarily on the media for the info and imagery out of which we construct our reality of current political circumstances. Large powers such as this are often unacknowledged by the practitioners of the media due to its implication of the necessity for accountability; they want maximum power and minimal regulation (Noam 2009). However, protections (e.g. the implied right to the freedom of political communication) conferred on the media in Australia create a dilemma when it comes to holding it to account. It is inconsistent with the general principle of freedom of the press to have laws that, for example, allow Parliament to censor media content prior to publication (prior censorship) (Noam 2009). Nonetheless, it is equally as inconsistent with this general principle to have laws that would allow parliament to punish the media after publication for general infringements of a government-invented standard. The Finkelstein enquiry (Steward 2012) proposed a solution that could have great potential in alleviating this regulatory issue. Currently, Australian print media (i.e. newspapers) is regulated by the Australian Press Council. However, this body is self-regulated and has no actual legal power. The Finkelstein review recommended an independent statutory authority funded by the Commonwealth – this would cover all media and would have the power to enforce its decisions through the courts (Steward 2012). Such a proposition may very well be the answer to ensuring the media is held accountable for its actions. This essay discussed a variety of areas stemming from the issue of the high concentration of the Australian print media and its minimal accountability. As a result of this, political matters of importance are being very badly reported (if at all) to the public. The large corporations that now dominate the industry are heavily biased in their political views and tend to pursue profit-related endeavours over ensuring legitimate, high quality political news is provided to the public. Furthermore, the media is failing in its role as the Fourth Estate (that is, keeping the government in check through being a ‘watchdog’ for the public). And lastly, reform (such as a new independent statutory authority) is needed in order to address the growing issue of the Australian print media’s minimal accountability. Bibliography: Habermas, J 1989, ‘The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a category of Bourgeois Society’, Polity, Cambridge. Herman, E; Chomsky, N 2002,‘Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media’, Pantheon Books. p.Ix. Lehrer, E 2004, ‘Chomsky and the Media: A Kept Press and a Manipulated People’, The Anti-Chomsky Reader, Encounter Books, pp. 67-87. Noam, E. M 2009,‘Media Ownership and Concentration in America’, New York: Oxford University Press. Schultz, J 1998, ‘Reviving the Fourth Estate: Democracy, Accountability and the Media’, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Steward, C 2012 Finkelstein report: Medias great divide,The Australian. Tiffen, R 2006, ‘Political economy and news’, The Media and Communications in Australia, Crow’s Nest, N.S.W: Allen Unwin, pp. 28-42.

Jetstar Essay -- essays research papers

Article Title: â€Å"Jetstar to enter Tasman dogfight† Source: The Australian OVERVIEW The article by Creedy looks at the newly announced expansion of Jetstar Airline services from its current domestic Australian flight service to its penetration of the trans-Tasman market. Jetstar’s original purpose was to provide Qantas (Same Ownership) a cost-effective alternative for the provision of domestic flights around Australia while also giving customers a cheaper and somewhat â€Å"no frills† option when flying locally. The article outlines the considerations and specifications that Qantas and thus Jetstar have undertaken in order to accomplish its â€Å"first foray overseas† as part of its â€Å"segmentation strategy†. Jetstar’s expansive venture is then obviously significant and relevant to the study of international business’s (any business transaction which involves a cross-border commercial transaction) and the goals and barriers achieved and endured. WHY THE ARTICLE IS SIGNIFICANT TO IB Subsidies The article suggests that Qantas may draw upon subsidy advantages granted by the Australian government through the all-economy â€Å"Australian Airlines† subsidiary in order to help the expansion of Jetstar on â€Å"low-yielding routes†. The government’s efforts to promote international trade and investment as well as Qantas’s new enterprise agreements with Australian flight attendants will allow Jetstar’s â€Å"Cairns-based subsidiary to use new aircrafts, hire foreign crews and fly further†. This p...

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Completed Master's Research Projects Reading Education |  ·Ashcraft, Alyssa – Identifying the better strategy to increase a student’s reading rate[-;0]. July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Bill Smith]  ·Ault, Lisa Renee – The effect of phonics instruction on oral reading fluency in a fourth grade intervention classroom[-;1]. July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Bill Smith]  ·Bisker, Allison – What particular practices make reading recovery and other interventions effective[-;2].. /gfx/media/pdf/Ault. pdf. July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Bill Smith]  ·Dunick, Kelly Ann – Reading intervention's affect on oral retelling abilities in kindergarten[->3].July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Bill Smith]  ·Garrett, Lindsay – Are incentive programs to encourage at home reading affective with students at different reading levels[->4]. July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Bill Smith]  ·Gomillion, Tricia – How well is the Vocabulary Component of the Scott Foresman’s Reading Street 2 011 Basal Reading Series Supported by Research[->5]? July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Bill Smith]  ·Hovrath, Kelsey – Effects of Peer Tutoring on Student Achievement[->6]. July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Bill Smith]  ·Huck, Emily – Supporting English language learners and their families[->7]. July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr.Bill Smith]| Curriculum & Instruction |  ·Malinowski, Scott S. – Including current events and current issues in social studies classroom. Is it worth it? [->8] June, 2012 [Advisor: Dr Frans Doppen]  ·McClelland, Molly M. – An evaluation of rural school consolidation: The case of Nelsonville-York City School District[->9]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Stabile, Christina – Are Literature Circles an Effective Reading Strategy for Struggling Readers[->10]? June, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen] | Middle Childhood |  ·Arrowood, Chelsie Marie – Citizenship knowledge and perceptions of exiting middle school students[->11].Decem ber, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Calstrom, Thomas Matthew – Love and War: Using Primary Sources in the Classroom[->12]. Spring, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Dalton, Amanda – Factors affecting the health of middle school students[->13]. Spring, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Daugherty, Cheryl Mae – How do various social studies instructional methods affect student achievement in middle schools[->14]? May, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Grimm-Rice, Jaime – A case study: Using a school garden to create meaningful learning[->15]. July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr.Frans Doppen]  ·Hinkle, Jennifer – Ohio middle school principals’ perceptions of media literacy[->16]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Kaskey-Roush, Meghan – How does an integrated curriculum promote critical thinking and engagement in middle school student learning[->17]? Summer, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. David Bower]  ·Lawless, Jennifer – The a dvantages and disadvantages of attending rural and urban middle schools[->18]. Spring 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Lee, Tara – The impact of afterschool programs on the academic achievement of middle school students. [->19] June, 2012 [Advisor: Dr.Frans Doppen]  ·Martin, Jennifer – The impact hands-on experiences have on interest and attitudes of middle school science learners[->20]. July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Ralph Martin]  ·O’Callaghan, Maria Veronica Pontiveros – Middle School Teachers’ Motivation Methods[->21]. May, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Perko, Heike – Teacher and student dispositions towards using a school garden as a classroom setting: A case study[->22]. Spring 2012 [Advisor: Dr Frans Doppen]  ·Quinn, Shane M. – The Student-Centered Model of learning: A comprehensive model of student[->23].May, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. David Bower]  ·Perricelli, Danielle – Social studies and motivating factors: Vie ws of fourth grade elementary students[->24]. Spring, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Reiter, Terry – Why we teach as a second career[->25]. June, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Ralph Martin]  ·Weaver, Joel – The effect of self-efficacy on motivation and achievement among fifth grade science students[->26]. July, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. David Bower] | Adolescent-to-Young-Adult|  ·Bhutta, Qurat – Teacher experiences and perceptions: Multicultural literature[->27]. August, 2010 [Advisor: Dr.Guofong Wan]  ·Brignolo, Evan – Literature circles in a secondary language arts classroom[->28]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Guofong Wan]  ·Brown, Elizabeth – Improving attitudes and motivation to read through independent, self-selected readingin the Middle Grades[->29]. July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Guofong Wan]  ·Carlson, Robert – Social studies teachers' background and perceptions of geography as a discipline. [-;30] June, 2012 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Chon ko II, Andrew – Primary sources, critical thinking and historical thinking in a ninth grade social studies class[-;31].November, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·DeWolfe, Justin – Resources for gay and lesbian students at the high school level[-;32]. August, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Doane, Benjamin Thomas – The relationship between school facilities and academic achievement[-;33]. December, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Ellison, Randy D. – Modern attitudes toward the teaching of military history[-;34]. July, 2012 [Advisor: Dr Frans Doppen]  ·Enmen-Budeiri, Laurel – Should Young Adult and Multicultural Literature Have a Permanent Place in the Secondary English Classroom[-;35]? June, 2011 [Advisor: Dr.Guofong Wan]  ·Graves, Elizabeth A. – Is role-playing an effective teaching method[-;36]? May, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Green, Kelsey – The Impact of Teacher Expectations and Student–Teacher Rela tionships[-;37]. November, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Guofong Wan]  ·Horner, Andrea – The forgotten war: Multiple perspectives on the Korean war in American history textbooks[-;38]. November, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Lawhon, Megan A. – The effects of service-learning on the citizenship attitudes of at-risk students in an after-school program[-;39]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr.Frans Doppen]  ·Locasio, Peter – Exploring the Connection Between Secondary Social Studies Teachers and Museum Educators[-;40]. July, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Malinowski, Scott – Including current events and current issues in the social studies classroom: Is it worth it? [-;41] June, 2012 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Mansfield, Abbigail – How does parental involvement affect middle school student achievement[-;42]? Winter, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Moore, Danielle – Multicultural literature and ethnic identity development: An opportunity fo r exploration[-;43]. June, 2008 [Advisor: Dr.Frans Doppen]  ·Moore, Lena – Literature circles in the high school English classroom[-;44]. June, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Guofong Wan]  ·Nevil, Steven – Teachers' perspectives on use of movies in the social studies classroom. [->45] August, 2012 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Palmer, James K. – Factors that contribute to low achievement on the science portion of the Ohio high school graduation test[->46]. March, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Ralph Martin]  ·Rinaldi-Eichenberg, Michael – Background music in the classroom: How does it affect student mood and learning[->47]? June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr.Guofong Wan]  ·Robinson, Brenda – Educational achievement, school experience and recidivism among youth at a residential treatment facility[->48]. March, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Shearer, Adriel Ezra – The impact of a new school facility: One district’s experience[->49]. January, 2010.  ·Smith , Geoffrey – Is film an effective teaching tool for high school literature[->50]? June, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Guofong Wan]  ·Stowe, Tara Griffits – The Effects of High-Stakes Testing Upon Non-Traditional Instructional Methodologies in Midwest Appalachia Tara Griffitts Stowe Master's Research Project[-;51]. March, 2011. Advisor: Dr. Guofong Wan]  ·Viani, Eric – Student perceptions of note-taking in a ninth grade social studies class[-;52]. August, 2011. [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Wion, William – Teacher perspectives on economic education[-;53]. Spring, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Wood, Dustin – No Child Left Behind and the achievement gap: Contributing factors and trends in student populations[-;54]. November, 2007 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Yoder, Drew – How do I keep these kids motivated? †: An evaluation of high school social studies teachers’ perceptions of motivational teaching and their implementations[- ;55].December, 2010 [Advisor Dr. Frans Doppen]| Special Education |  ·Abbott, Carrie – Are there differences in test anxiety levels for middle school students with and without disabilities[-;56]? October, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Ahmed, Areej – Perceptions of using assistive technology for students with disabilitiesin the classroom[-;57]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Alspach, Summer – The effects of reader's theater on fluency of elementary students with learning disabilities[->58]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr.Dianne Gut]  ·Arno, Anne – General education classrooms and resource rooms: What is taught and the quality of communication between teachers[->59]. March, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Bailey, Katherine – The impact of physical activities on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder’s ability to focus[->60]. August, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Bensman, Natalie – Perceptions of poten tial teachers toward individuals with visible and non-visible disabilities[->61]. August, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Marta Roth]  ·Boeshansz, Marjorie – The effects of curriculum based yoga on children ith attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[->62]. June, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Bolin, Jason – Improving the classroom for students: What are effective instructional strategies forchildren with attention deficits[->63]? June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Callahan, Raechel – Perceptions and use of graphic novels in the classroom[->64]. June, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Carlson, Rashika – Effectiveness of Guided Reading on the Reading Ability of Students with Learning Disabilities[->65]. June, 2011 [Advisor: Dr.Dianne Gut]  ·Cole, Samantha – Singing your way to phonological awareness[->66]. July, 2012 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Covey, John – Do computers help educators navigate the myriad of paperwork seen in special edu cation, or do they add to the frustration? [->67] March, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Crist, James L. – The Effectiveness of the Jigsaw Approach and Other Cooperative learning Strategies with Students with Learning Disabilities[->68]. December, 2012 [Advisor: Dr Dianne Gut]  ·Crow, Kirk – Graduation and then what? A case study of one rural Appalachian high school[->69]. June, 2011 [Advisor: Dr.Dianne Gut]  ·Cullums, Shiela – Cognitive Learning with Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic, Tactile, and Multi-sensory Learning, and Academic Performance in the Classroom. [->70] December, 2012 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·DeHainaut, Rachel – The impact of daily reflection on long-term content mastery: A useful strategy inlow-resource environments[->71]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Dooley, Adam – The effects of differentiated instruction on a fourth grade science class[->72]. June, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Eckelberry, Erin  œ Using social stories with children with autism, learning disabilities and ADHD[->73].November, 2007 [Advisor: Dr. Marta Roth]  ·Elkins, K. Helena – Effectiveness of PowerPoint presentation as an instructional delivery system paired with direct instruction for teaching reading to students with specific learning disabilities[->74]. November, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Engle, Brandi – Parent Participation: Increasing Parent Involvement in the Individualized Education Program process in grades 6-12[->75]. June, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Eppley, Amanda – Pre-service Teacher Candidates Experiences with Literature with Characters with Disabilities and a Framework for classroom Implementation. ->76] December, 2012 [Advisor: Dr Dianne Gut]  ·Funk, Jodi – Assessing Ohio‘s teacher knowledge of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Are current teachers adequately prepared to meet the needs of students with ADHD? [->77] October, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Gregg, Dani – The benefits and drawbacks of co-teaching in an inclusive middle school[->78]. May, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Grogan, Shannon – Does High-Stakes Testing Interfere withUsing Diverse Teaching Methods? [->79] June, 2008 [Advisor: Dr.Marta Roth]  ·Gueth, Lindsay – DIBELLS oral retell fluency as a predictor of reading comprehension in fifth grade students with learning disabilities[->80]. August, 2012 [Advisor: Dr Dianne Gut]  ·Johnston, Teresa – Examining the Relationship between Inattention and Reading Abilities in Students[->81]. December, 2012 [Advisor: Dr Dianne Gut]  ·Juarez-Porter Carlyle, A. Renee – â€Å"Three Days in Perspective†: A Role-Play Simulation Game for Informing Pre-Service Teachers’ Perspectives of Individuals with Exceptionalities[->82].December, 2012 [Advisor: Dr Dianne Gut]  ·Kemper, Deborah – Does Small Group Reading Instruction Increase Oral Reading Fluency in Children With and Without Learning Disabilities? [->83] December, 2012 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Kinniard, Josh – Does attitude impact academic achievement[->84]? August, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Kocher, James – Anxiety levels and high-stakes testing in at-risk students[->85]. August, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Leland, Kimberly – How do high school senior students perceive their transition programming at a career and technical school? ->86] May, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·McDonough, Haley – The contribution of music to student focus and time-on-task behavior for students identified with disabilities and whole class computer use[->87]. June, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·McNeeley, Colleen – Examining Intervention Support in Mathematics: Can students' attitudes and achievement be positively affected[-;88]? June, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Menikheim, Fonda Fay – In Ohio, are the Tea chers of Today and Tomorrow Prepared to Teach Students with Dyslexia? [-;89] November, 2012 [Advisor: Dr.Dianne Gut]  ·Molnar, Sallie – Teachers understanding of traumatic brain injury[-;90]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Moore, Ashley – Socio-economic status and its role in school funding[-;91]. November, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Morris, Alison – Using peer tutoring in limited resource environments to include students with disabilities: What do teachers think[-;92]? November, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Marta Roth]  ·Morris, Amanda – Strategies teachers use to help students with test anxiety in limited resource environments[-;93]. November, 2010 [Advisor: Dr.Dianne Gut]  ·Newberry, Jennifer – Specific language-impairment (SLI) and literacy: teachers’ knowledge and practice[-;94]. March, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Marta Roth]  ·Nogrady, Debbie – School-home communication: An examination of the methods and nature of teacher s' communication to parents of students receiving special education services[->95]. June, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Nylund Domacasse, Gina – Disabilities in children's literature[-;96]. June, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Parker, Erin – Inclusion strategies in the visual arts classroom[-;97]. June, 2009 [Advisor: Dr.Dianne Gut]  ·Parrotti, Talia – Are Pre-Service Teacher Candidates Prepared to Co-teach in Today's Classroom? [->98] June, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Pence, Sjanneke – What effect do varying models of co-teaching have on math and reading achievement scores of typical middle school students with IEPs in a district with limited resources[->99]? June, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Marta Roth]  ·Pepper, Andrea – An Internet survey: Personal perspectives of effective educational and social strategies used by individuals with aspergers or high functioning autism[->100]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr.Dianne Gut]  ·Porter, Susan â₠¬â€œ Using an interactive response collection system to increase classroom formative assessment in an effort to improve student self-efficacy in mathematics in limited resource environments. [->101] June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Price, Keith – The benefits of pullout adapted physical education class for students identified for special education services[->102]. March, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Quinn II, Patrick – A comparison of regular public and special public school teachers’ perceptions regarding obesity as it occurs in students with multiple disabilities[->103].June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Marta Roth]  ·Raike, Jacyln – Least Restrictive Environment: Influences on Placement Decisions in Rural Appalachian Ohio[->104]. June, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Marta Roth]  ·Ransom, Veronica K. – Transition services: Do students have access? [->105] August, 2012 [Advisor Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Riggs, Erin – Multi-sensory approaches to spell ing and reading instruction for students with learning disabilities[->106]. May, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Ruff, Lisa – Special and general high school education teachers' attitudes and erceptions towards inclusion in the classroom in limited resources environments[-;107]. October, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Sammons, Angelina – Vital components needed for successful inclusion[-;108]. March, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Marta Roth]  ·Scholl, Tamara – How are persons with disabilities protrayed in children's television programming[->109]? June, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Schmidt, Debbie – Influence of year-round schooling on reading achievement[->110]. August, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Scurlock, Marilyn – Using social stories with children with Asperger Syndrome[->111].June, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Seymour, Megan – The benefits of the headsprout reading comprehension programfor children with autism[->112]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Shaffer, Staphanie – Parent satisfaction with the IEP process: Parents of students with mild disabilities and parents of students with severe disabilities[->113]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Slone, Heidi – White noise and the learner in limited resource environments[->114]. November, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Smith, Martha – Effective strategies for teaching students[->115].August, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Sullivan, Jamie – Service-learning: Increasing academic engagement in at-risk youth in Southeast Ohio[->116]. March, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Terry, Danielle – Use of a Stress Ball in the Classroom for Students Diagnosed with ADHD. [->117] December, 2012 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Terry, Rachel – Teacher efficacy in reading tutoring in limited resource environments[->118]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Thompson, Amy – Barriers to individ ualized education planning in the Appalachian region of Ohio[->119]. November, 2010 [Advisor: Dr.Dianne Gut]  ·Tracey, Teresa Bigham – Do teachers have a negative attitude towards the inclusion of students with special needs[->120]? November, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Turnbull, Kelli – The Benefits of Inclusion for Peers Without Disabilities[->121]. May, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Brett Noel]  ·Valentine, Karen – Post school needs of individuals with mild to moderate disabilities in Pickaway County, Ohio, a limited resource environment[->122]. August, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Verba, Laurie – Inclusion: The varying perspectives of elementary, middle, and high school teachers in low resource schools[->123].July 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Washam, Morgan – Does Providing Students with Choices in the Reading Curriculum Correlate to Higher Comprehension Scores? [->124] December, 2012 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Webb, Abagail â₠¬â€œ Footloose and fancy free: The impact of physical play on hyperactivity in school-age children[->125]. June, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Wilson, Kristin – Self-management of classroom preparedness: Effects on students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and specific learning disabilities in limited resource environments[->126]. 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Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

Erik Erikson outlines eight stages in the psychosocial development of a healthy human being, in which the stages are characterized by conflicts. The ego is at the center of all these developments (Wagner, 2005). Infancy This stage is from birth up to 18 months. During this time, the child's ego develops trust and the central figure in his universe is his mother. How he trusts or mistrusts those around him will depend on his maternal relationship. The child's experience at this stage could help mold how he will interact with people in his adult life.In the movie â€Å"Psycho (1960),† Norman only had his mother since birth. They were very close that he considers her his only friend. Norman was not weaned from his dependence that he carried it all throughout his adulthood. When his parent found a new lover, it made Norman so jealous that he killed her. He resolved his guilt by keeping his mother's corpse in the house. Muscular-Anal The second stage in the psychosocial development is from 18 months to three years. At this point of a child's development, Erikson explains that there is a growing sense of independence that is being experienced by the child.It's important for parents to understand the child's need for support because it would tell him that you are there to help develop his capabilities. There would be constant conflict if the parent won't learn to give in to the child. The child experiences conflicting feelings of initiative and doubt at this point. Psychosocial Development 2 The movie â€Å"Baby Geniuses,† shows a bunch of toddlers who are being kept in a lab so that researchers would understand a universal secret. However, the toddler Sly is showing off his independence by wanting to escape from the lab, and to which he actually succeeds.His escape is just the start of a series of antics that toddlers have to do in order to stop the designs of an evil scientist. Play Age The child at this point, from three to six years old, is already l earning basic skills and how to master the things around him. The child displays initiative and the courage to complete tasks. He also shows the capacity to make decisions for himself. At the same time, he may also feel guilty if he is unable to complete something that he wants to do. When the result of his initiative is negative, this may make the child uneasy and resort to displaying aggressiveness or inhibition.The parents must balance the initiative and guilt by giving the child tasks that are appropriate for his age. In the movie â€Å"300,† Spartans shun deformities and anything that is not perfect in their eyes. As a young boy, Leonides was already trained to prepare himself to become king. Play for them involves fighting and brawling. Early on, he already knew that he must achieve certain tasks to prove his worth. He needed to survive being out in the wilds with only himself to depend on. Leonides was able to overcome the tests and he returned to Sparta as a man. Scho ol AgeIn the school age, from seven to 10 years old, a child has to find balance between doing too much and doing too little. If a child does too many complex tasks, he forgets to have fun like Psychosocial Development 3 other children. But when he gets to do very little, the chance for success is slim. This could result to inferiority. Adults around the child must strike a balance between industry and inferiority in order to mold the child into a competent individual. Without the proper balance, the child will grow up feeling inferior to his peers in terms of social skills.John Nash, the genius from the movie â€Å"A Beautiful Mind,† suffers from inferiority complex as a result of his being aloof during the school age. He preferred academic tasks rather than being with other kids his age. He was always alone. As a result, Nash didn't know how to be close to other people. Nash was not able to resolve the conflict on his own. He talked about his fears and frustrations concerni ng the opposite sex to his roommate. Adolescence Between 10 and 17 years of age, an adolescent is conscious of how others look at him.It is important that at this stage the adolescent is reassured of his worth as a person. An adolescent who receives good familial support will often behave better among his peers. This is the point when the adolescent will be aware of his sexual identity. The adolescent either develops his own identity or be confused about it. The movie â€Å"Boys Don't Cry,† is the story of Brandon Teena who was born a female but chose to become male in high school. This identity change was the result of a sexual assault that Brandon experienced at the hand of a male relative.No one, except his mother, knew that Brandon was female. He dated several girls in high school. Psychosocial Development 4 Young Adulthood The young adult stage, according to Erikson, is between 18 to 40 years old. This is the point where the adult chooses between intimacy or isolation. A t the early part of this stage, the person is interested in friendships and blending his identity with those of his friends. Later on, the young adult becomes ready for an intimate and close relationship with another individual.At the same time, the young adult must understand and not fear isolation because this would come handy in later years. Rejection, break-ups and being alone are things that a young adult must be able to handle. Andy Stitzer, a typical nerd in the movie â€Å"A Forty Year Old Virgin,† is a man who understands being alone. He has never been in an intimate relationship with another person. He was finally convinced to become intimate with a girl by his friends. This leads to Andy welcoming more people in his life and gaining new friends and acquaintances. Middle AdulthoodThe middle adulthood stage comes when a person reaches 40 years old and ends at 65 years old. At this point, the person is either driven by the need to become a guide to the younger generat ion or be complacent and let the years keep him in stagnation. Tony Starks, or the â€Å"Iron Man,† is a 40 something arms manufacturer who had a change of heart after his captivity. He became engaged in correcting the mistakes he made in the past to preserve the world for the future generations. Instead of making arms to increase his wealth, he turned into a superhero to save those in need.Psychosocial Development 5 Late Adulthood From 65 years onwards, the person enters the late adulthood phase. During these years, the person looks back on the past years and evaluates the kind of life he lived. From this, the person will either feel that he has live a life of integrity, or he will be in despair (Clifton & Davis, 1995) . If there is gladness for the good times, acceptance for what could not be, and forgiveness for mistakes, then the person will be at peace and become prepared for whatever the years are yet to bring.But for the person who does not learn to accept and forgive, he has a tendency to suffer depression. Edward Cole, a billionaire in the movie â€Å"Bucketlist,† had lived a life of eccentricity and isolation. But after he was diagnosed with cancer in his later years, Cole became friends with another cancer patient Carter Chambers. The two embarked on a life-changing journey, which turned Cole into a better person. By accepting his mistakes and doing something about them, Cole was able to enjoy the last of his days, free from guilt and other burdens. ReferencesChild Development Institute, LLC. Stages of Social-Emotional Development In Children and Teenagers. Retrieved August 24, 2008, from http://www. childdevelopmentinfo. com/development/erickson. shtml Clifton, A. , & Davis, D. (1995). Psychosocial Theory: Erikson. Haverford Home Page. Retrieved August 24, 2008, from http://www. haverford. edu/psych/ddavis/p109g/erikson. stages. html Wagner, K. V. (2005). Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development. About. com: Psychology. Retrieved August 24, 2008, from http://psychology. about. com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/psychosocial_3. htm